Arpit's Newsletter read by 38000+ engineers
Weekly essays on real-world system design, distributed systems, or a deep dive into some super-clever algorithm.
ALTER TABLE took down GitHub!
Can an ALTER TABLE command take down your production? 🤯
It happened to GitHub on 27th November 2021 when most of their services were down because of a large schema migration.
Why did the outage happen?
GitHub ran a migration on a massive MySQL table and it made their replicas enter deadlock and crash. Here are the 5 insights about their architecture
Insight 1: Schema migration can take weeks to complete
Schema migrations are intense operations as in most cases require you to copy the entire table with the new schema. Hence it might take a schema migration weeks to complete.
Insight 2: The last step of migration is RENAME
To protect the database from not taking excessive locks during the migration, we create an empty ghost table from the main table, apply migration, copy the data, and then rename the table. This reduces the locks we need for the migration.
Insight 3: Read Replicas can have deadlocks
The writes happening through the replication job and the production read load can create deadlocks on the read replicas.
Insight 4: Have a separate fleet of replicas for internal traffic
Have a separate fleet of Read Replicas for internal workflows ex: analytics, etc. This way, any internal load will not affect the production load.
Insight 5: Database failures cascade
When a replica fails, the load on healthy one’s increases; which may them down and hence the cascading effect.
Mitigation
The outage happened because there were not enough read replicas to handle the load, hence in order to mitigate it the way out was to add more read replicas. GitHub team very smartly promoted the replicas used for internal workloads to handle production.
Although the move was smart, it did not mitigate the outage because the incoming load was so high that the new replicas added also started crashing.
Data Integrity over Availability
To ensure that the data integrity is not compromised because of repeated crashes, GitHub took a call and let the Read traffic fail. They took the replica out of the production fleet, gave it time to complete the migration, and then added it back.
This way all the replicas got the time they needed to complete the schema migration. It took some but the issue was completely mitigated.
Long-term fix
Vertical Partitioning is a long-term fix for this problem. The idea is to create smaller databases that hold related tables; ex: all tables related to Repositories can go in one DB. This allows migration to quickly complete and during an outage, only the involved functionalities will be affected.
Here's the video ⤵
Courses
Super practical courses, with a no-nonsense approach, are designed to spark engineering curiosity and help you ace your career.
System Design for Beginners
An in-depth, self-paced, and on-demand course that for early engineers to become great at designing scalable, available, and extensible systems at scale.
System Design Masterclass
A masterclass that helps experienced engineers become great at designing scalable, fault-tolerant, and highly available systems.
Redis Internals
A course that helps covers Redis internals by reimplementing its core features like - event loop, serialization protocol, pipelining, eviction, and transactions.